구르무키 문자

구르무키 문자(펀자브어: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ)는 란다 문자에서 개발된 아부기다로, 제2의 시크교 구루 구루 앙가드(1504년~1552년)가 표준화하고 사용했다.^[1]^[2] 흔히 시크 문자라고 여겨지는^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] 구르무키는 인도 펀자브주에서 펀자브어의 공식적인 문자로 사용되었다.^[6]^[7]

시크교의 주요 경전인 구루 그란트 사히브는 페르시아어와 인도아리아어 같은 다른 언어들과 더불어 산트 바샤어^[8] 또는 성어라는 총칭으로 종종 하위되는 다양한 방언과 언어들로 구르무키어로 쓰여진다.

현대의 구르무키는 35개의 원문자를 가지고 있으며, 따라서 그림이나 35개의 대체 용어가 있으며^[6], 6개의 자음^[6]^[9]^[10], 9개의 모음 분음학, 2개의 콧소리, 1개의 자음, 3개의 첨자가 있다.

구르무키 원고의 디지털화

판자브 디지털 도서관^[11]은 구르무키 문자의 모든 사용 가능한 원고를 디지털화했다. 이 대본은 1500년대부터 공식적으로 사용되었고, 이 시기에 쓰여진 많은 문헌들은 여전히 추적이 가능하다. 판자브 디지털 도서관은 500만 페이지 이상의 다양한 원고를 디지털화했으며 대부분은 온라인에서 이용할 수 있다.

구르무키의 인터넷 도메인 이름

펀자브 대학교 파티알라는 구르무키에서 인터넷에 대한 국제적인 도메인 이름을 검증하기 위한 레이블 생성 규칙을 개발했다.^[12]

각주

↑ Masica 1993, 143쪽.
↑ Bāhrī 1997, 181쪽.
↑ Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013년 12월 16일). 《Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity》. Routledge. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio–political context ..."쪽. ISBN 9781136846342. 2016년 11월 23일에 확인함.
↑ Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul; Williams, Raymond (2007). 《Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America》. New York: Oxford University Press. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ..."쪽. ISBN 9780198044246. 2016년 11월 23일에 확인함.
↑ Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). “The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora”. 《Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism》 2: 11. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x. ...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). Peter T. Daniels; William Bright, 편집. 《The World's Writing Systems》. Oxford University Press. 395–399쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
↑ ^가 ^나 Jain & Cardona 2007, 53쪽.
↑ Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-20108-X, 9780415201087. Page 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha."
The making of Sikh scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. ISBN 0-19-513024-3, ISBN 978-0-19-513024-9 Page 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called Sant Bhasha, a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."
Surindar Singh Kohli, History of Punjabi Literature. Page 48. National Book, 1993. ISBN 81-7116-141-3, ISBN 978-81-7116-141-6. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in Sant Bhasha (saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century..."
Nirmal Dass, Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. SUNY Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7914-4683-2, ISBN 978-0-7914-4683-6. Page 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."
↑ “Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala”. 《learnpunjabi.org》. Punjabi University, Patiala. 2019년 10월 12일에 확인함.
↑ Kumar, Arun; Kaur, Amandeep (2018). 《A New Approach to Punjabi Text Steganography using Naveen Toli》. Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India. ISBN 978-8-193-38970-6.
↑ Panjab Digital Library
↑ “Now, domain names in Gurmukhi”. 《The Tribune》. 2020년 3월 4일. 2020년 9월 9일에 확인함.

외부 링크

위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 분류가 있습니다.

구르무키 문자

[FOOTNOTEMasica1993143-1] Masica 1993, 143쪽.

[FOOTNOTEBāhrī1997181-2] Bāhrī 1997, 181쪽.

[3] Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013년 12월 16일). 《Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity》. Routledge. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio–political context ..."쪽. ISBN 9781136846342. 2016년 11월 23일에 확인함.

[4] Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul; Williams, Raymond (2007). 《Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America》. New York: Oxford University Press. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ..."쪽. ISBN 9780198044246. 2016년 11월 23일에 확인함.

[5] Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). “The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora”. 《Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism》 2: 11. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x. ...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...

[Bright1996-6] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). Peter T. Daniels; William Bright, 편집. 《The World's Writing Systems》. Oxford University Press. 395–399쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[FOOTNOTEJainCardona200753-7] 가 ^나 Jain & Cardona 2007, 53쪽.

[8] Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-20108-X, 9780415201087. Page 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha."
The making of Sikh scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. ISBN 0-19-513024-3, ISBN 978-0-19-513024-9 Page 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called Sant Bhasha, a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."
Surindar Singh Kohli, History of Punjabi Literature. Page 48. National Book, 1993. ISBN 81-7116-141-3, ISBN 978-81-7116-141-6. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in Sant Bhasha (saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century..."
Nirmal Dass, Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. SUNY Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7914-4683-2, ISBN 978-0-7914-4683-6. Page 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."

[patiala-9] “Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala”. 《learnpunjabi.org》. Punjabi University, Patiala. 2019년 10월 12일에 확인함.

[steganography-10] Kumar, Arun; Kaur, Amandeep (2018). 《A New Approach to Punjabi Text Steganography using Naveen Toli》. Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India. ISBN 978-8-193-38970-6.

[11] Panjab Digital Library

[12] “Now, domain names in Gurmukhi”. 《The Tribune》. 2020년 3월 4일. 2020년 9월 9일에 확인함.

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